Authors
Abstract
Keywords
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2002, 1: 15-19
Received: February 2002
Accepted: July 2002
Original Article
An Investigation of Drug Interactions in Hospital Pharmacy Prescriptions
Giti Hajebi*, Seyed Alireza Mortazavi
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.
* ghajebi@yahoo.com
Abstract
Drug therapy is a complex and important process and because of the importance of drug interactions, especially in in-patients, accompanying problems and obstacles would exist as a result of concomitant use of drugs in these patients. For this purpose 3130 prescription order forms from Bou-Ali hospital were collected and all potential drug interactions present were extracted and evaluated in terms of significance, severity, documentation and onset.
Interactions were divided into 5 groups based on their significance, with group 1 being the most important and group 5 the least important.
Most interactions observed belonged to groups 4 and 5, accounting for 68.5% of all interactions.Group 1 interactions only accounted for 7.8% of all interactions observed.
When considering the onset of interactions, the most dominant type (55.8% of all interactions) were the slow-occurring ones. In terms of the severity, most interactions (47.2%) were of the medium (moderate) type. Strong (severe) interactions only accounted for 8.2% of all interactions.
Finally, in terms of the documentation of interactions, the most prevalent type were the probable ones, accounting for 56.8% of all interactions observed. Definite interactions only accounted for 4.3% of all interactions.
Keywords: Drug interaction; Hospital prescription; Prescription; Significance of interaction.
Introduction
Concomitant use of several drugs for a patient is often necessary for achieving a set goal or in cases when the patient is suffering from more than one disease. In these cases the chance of encountering drug - drug interactions could increase (1).
The term "drug interaction" is used when the effects of a drug in the presence of other drugs, food, beverages or environmental and chemical factors, alters (2).
The clinical output of such interactions could appear as antagonism, synergism or idiosyncratism (3).
In a study by Galley et al., it was found that from a total number of 160 patients in the internal ward, 221 cases of interaction exists, in which 24 were of the major type, 115 of the moderate type and 82 minor interactions. In addition it was found that the presence of certain diseases such as kidney failure, or the use of more than 6 drug items, could increase the probability of drug
interactions (4).In another study by Borda et al., drug interactions in the in-patients of various wards were studied. These interactions accounted for 22% of all cases of drug-drug interactions observed in the hospital (5).
Dipiro and Sislay found in another study that most interactions observed in hospital with patients undergone surgery is due to H2-blockers (especially cimetidine), digoxin and warfarin with the anesthetic drugs (6). Finally, Stanszex and Franklin found that drug interactions in out-patients amounts to 23% of all cases of drug interactions studied (7).
Therefore, because of the importance of drug - drug interactions, in this study attempts were made to investigate the occurrence and extent of drug interactions in the prescriptions of ICU, CCU, internal and infectious wards of Bou-Ali teaching hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Experimental
In this study the extent of occurrence and frequency of potential drug interactions were investigated based on the reference text "Drug Interaction Facts". This particular reference was used because of its extensive and unique classifications of drug interactions.
In this study a total number of 3130 prescriptions from in-patients of ICU, CCU, internal and infectious wards of Bou?Ali teaching hospital were examined during the first 6 months of 2000 and all the potential drug interactions present were extracted and classified in terms of significance, onset, severity and documentation.
Results
Among the prescriptions examined 3960 cases and 156 types of interaction were observed.
|
Table 1. A summary of prescriptions evaluated in various wards of Bou-Ali hospital. |
|||||
|
Ward |
Number of prescriptions |
Number of interactions |
Type of interactions |
Number of prescribed drugs |
Mean number of |
|
CCU |
400 |
598 |
80 |
40 |
5.0 |
|
ICU |
380 |
342 |
58 |
32 |
5.7 |
|
Internal |
1250 |
1763 |
151 |
58 |
4.4 |
|
Infectious |
1100 |
1257 |
131 |
39 |
4.2 |
Table 1 shows the overall results obtained from assessing prescriptions of various wards. The overall results obtained in terms of significance, onset, severity and documentation are shown in Tables 2-5 and can be summarised as follows:
In terms of the significance, the most frequent interactions observed were of types 4 and 5 (the least important), with a total number of 2712 cases of interactions, accounting for 68.5% of the total number of interactions observed.
|
Table 2. Frequency distribution of 598 number of interactions ( 80 types) observed in the CCU ward of Bou-Ali hospital. |
||||
|
Parameter studied |
Number of Interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
Type of Interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
|
Significance of interactions: 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
|
39 89 36 238 196 |
6.5 14.9 6.0 39.8 32.8 |
7 8 6 32 27 |
8.7 10.0 7.5 40.0 33.8 |
|
Onset of action: Delayed Rapid
|
193 405 |
32.3 67.8 |
40 40 |
50.0 50.0 |
|
Severity of interactions: Major Moderate Minor
|
47 325 226 |
7.9 54.3 37.8 |
10 41 29 |
12.5 51.2 36.3 |
|
Documentation of interactions: Established Probable Suspected Possible Unlikely |
15 106 44 398 35 |
2.5 17.8 7.4 66.5 5.8 |
3 10 8 48 11 |
3.7 12.5 10.0 60.0 13.8 |
|
Table 3. Frequency distribution of 342 number of interactions ( 58 types) observed in the ICU ward of Bou-Ali hospital. |
||||
|
Parameter studied |
Number of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
Type of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
|
Significance of interactions: 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
|
12 66 4 163 97 |
3.5 19.3 1.2 47.6 28.4 |
5 9 2 22 20 |
8.6 15.5 3.5 37.9 34.5 |
|
Onset of action: Delayed Rapid
|
149 193 |
43.5 56.5 |
29 29 |
50.0 50.0 |
|
Severity of interactions: Major Moderate Minor
|
19 245 78 |
5.5 71.7 22.8 |
6 32 20 |
10.3 55.2 34.5 |
|
Documentation of interactions: Established Probable Suspected Possible Unlikely |
13 20 48 205 56 |
3.8 5.8 14.0 60.0 16.4 |
6 4 6 36 6 |
10.3 7.0 10.3 62.1 10.3 |
|
Table 4. Frequency distribution of 1763 number of interactions (151 types) observed in the internal ward of Bou-Ali hospital. |
||||
|
Parameter studied |
Number of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
Type of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
|
Significance of interactions: 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
|
122 321 112 479 729 |
6.9 18.2 6.3 27.2 41.4 |
10 29 9 46 57 |
6.6 19.2 6.0 30.5 37.7 |
|
Onset of action: Delayed Rapid |
1064 699 |
60.4 39.6 |
91 60 |
60.3 39.7 |
|
Severity of interactions: Major Moderate Minor |
163 792 808 |
9.3 44.9 45.8
|
13 77 61 |
8.6 51.0 40.4 |
|
Documentation of interactions: Established Probable Suspected Possible Unlikely |
95 268 168 1052 180 |
5.4 15.2 9.5 59.7 10.2 |
10 22 15 86 18 |
6.6 14.5 9.9 57.0 12.0 |
|
Table 5. Frequency distribution of 1257 number of interactions (131 types) observed in the infectious ward of Bou-Ali hospital. |
||||
|
Parameter studied |
Number of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
Type of interactions |
Percentage of interactions |
|
Significance of interactions: 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
|
134 277 36 229 581 |
10.7 22.0 2.9 18.2 46.2 |
6 27 5 37 56 |
4.6 20.6 3.8 28.2 42.8 |
|
Onset of action: Delayed Rapid
|
805 452 |
64.0 36.0 |
81 50 |
61.8 38.2 |
|
Severity of interactions: Major Moderate Minor
|
98 507 652 |
7.8 40.3 51.9 |
10 67 54 |
7.7 51.0 41.3 |
|
Documentation of interactions: Established Probable Suspected Possible Unlikely |
48 251 138 595 225 |
3.8 20.0 11.0 47.3 17.9 |
7 19 11 76 18 |
5.3 14.5 8.4 58.0 13.8 |
With regards to the onset of action, the most dominant type of interactions were the delayed ones, with a total number of 2211 cases, representing 55.8% of the total number of interactions observed.
When considering the severity of interactions, moderate interactions were dominant, with a total number of 1869 cases, accounting for 47.2% of the total number of interactions observed.
Finally, in terms of the documentation of interactions observed, the most prevalent interactions were of the "possible" type, with a total number of 2250 cases, accounting for 56.8% of the total number of interactions. "Established" interactions only accounted for 4.3% of all interactions.
Discussion
Drug interaction is a very important issue in drug therapy, especially in pediatric and geriatric patients. In the earlier parts of this article (introduction) some of the results obtained by the other researcher have been mentioned. However, it should be noted that since the protocol for conducting these studies could be somewhat different from that of the present study, variation in the results obtained is expected.
Generally speaking the most prevalent type of interactions observed in our study are types 4 and 5, accounting for 68.5% of all interactions observed. This shows that in most cases the drugs prescribed for patients will not cause any serious or fatal interactions. Nevertheless, 7.7% of all interactions were due to type 1 interactions, meaning that patients life could be at risk and in such cases the physician and nursing staff should keep the patient under close surveillance. Furthermore, the infectious ward had the highest number of type 1 interactions, which is probably due to the nature of treatment and the need for combined drug therapy.
Regarding the onset of action, 55.8% were of the delayed type, which could take up to several days or weeks to occur, needing no immediate concern or medical intervention.
When considering the severity of interactions, 8.2% of all interactions were due to "major" interactions, and in such cases the life of patient could be threatened and immediate medical intervention is required. Furthermore, patients should be kept under close observation to prevent any complications.
In terms of the documentation of interactions observed, only 4.3% of all interactions were due to "established" interactions. It should be noted that proper monitoring of patients, a reduction in the dosage regimen, increasing the dosing intervals, etc. could help to reduce risks of severe drug interactions.
In fact the most important parameter to be considered is to find whether a drug could interact with other drugs, and try to find a way to encounter this problem.
In conclusion, it could be said that in this study drug interactions do not appear to cause a serious problem to the health of patient and process of drug therapy. However, further clinical studies are needed to be carried out in order to investigate the actual clinical occurrence of drug interactions.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Dr. V. Sedeghi for his assistance with this work.
References
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