Ghannadi, A., Aghazari, F., Mehrabani, M., Mohagheghzadeh, A., Mehregan, I. (2010). Quantity and Composition of the SDE Prepared Essential Oil of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 2(Number 2), 103-105.
A Ghannadi; F Aghazari; M Mehrabani; A Mohagheghzadeh; I Mehregan. "Quantity and Composition of the SDE Prepared Essential Oil of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 2, Number 2, 2010, 103-105.
Ghannadi, A., Aghazari, F., Mehrabani, M., Mohagheghzadeh, A., Mehregan, I. (2010). 'Quantity and Composition of the SDE Prepared Essential Oil of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss', Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 2(Number 2), pp. 103-105.
Ghannadi, A., Aghazari, F., Mehrabani, M., Mohagheghzadeh, A., Mehregan, I. Quantity and Composition of the SDE Prepared Essential Oil of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2010; Volume 2(Number 2): 103-105.
Quantity and Composition of the SDE Prepared Essential Oil of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss
The essential oil from flowering aerial parts of Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss. growing wild in Kermanshah Province, Iran, was analyzed by GC/MS. This essential oil was prepared by a modified Likens-Nickerson’s simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method. Forty-five compounds consisting 95.1% of the total components were identified from the oil obtained with a yield of 0.1%w/w. Among them, spathulenol (14.1%), germacrene D (9.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.1%) were the major components of the oil.
aDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran. bDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Shiraz , Iran.
The essential oil from flowering aerial parts ofNepeta macrosiphon Boiss. growing wild in Kermanshah Province, Iran, was analyzed by GC/MS. This essential oil was prepared by a modified Likens-Nickerson?s simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method. Forty-five compounds consisting 95.1% of the total components were identified from the oil obtained with a yield of 0.1%w/w. Among them, spathulenol (14.1%), germacrene D (9.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.1%) were the major components of the oil.
The genus Nepeta, alsocalled Glecho ma and Cataria, is named after the ancient Italian city of Nepi (1). This genus which belongs to Stachyoideae-Nepeteae tribe, Lamiaceae family, consists of about 250 species distributed in the central and southern parts of Europe, Asia and Middle East (2, 3). Many reports on phytochemical analysis of this genus, including essential oil analysis, are found in the literature (4-27). Most oils of Nepeta species contain nepetalactones as the main components, but some differences in the essential oil composition were detected in several Nepeta oils (15-27). Antibacterial, fungicidal, antiviral and opioid analgesic activities have been attributed to nepetalactones (19, 21). Nepeta species are still used in the traditional medicine of many countries as diuretic, diaphoretic, vulnerary, antitussive, antispasmodic, anti-asthmatic, tonic, febrifuge, emmenagogue and sedative agents (22, 27, 28). Some of Iranian Nepeta species has been of great interest to Iranian folk and traditional medicines and used in the treatment of various disorders, such as some nervous, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (27, 29).
The Iranian flora comprises 67 species of Nepeta and one of them is Nepeta macrosiphon Boiss (2, 30). This herb distributed in different rocky western areas of Iran (2). The Persian names of the plant are "punesaye sisakhti" and "punesaye lulehboland" (30). Our literature surveys revealed that the essential oil of the aerial parts of N. macrosiphon has not been chemically studied to date, therefore this article deals with the detailed quantity and composition of the SDE oil prepared by GC/MS.
Experimental
Plant Material
The aerial parts of wild-growing N. macrosiphon were collected during the flowering period from northern slopes of Dalakhani mountain, Songhur (Kermanshah Province, Iran) at an altitude of ca. 2300 m in June 2001. The plant identity as N. macrosiphon was confirmed by the Herbarium Department of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. A voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Table 1. Components present within the oil obtained from the aerial parts of Nepeta macrosiphon.
No.
Compound
%
RI
1
trans-2-hexenal
trace
850
2
alpha-pinene
0.3
936
3
camphene
0.1
951
4
beta-pinene
0.1
978
5
1,8-cineole
0.2
1030
6
trans-beta-ocimene
0.3
1048
7
gamma-terpinene
1.0
1058
8
cis-sabinene hydrate
0.1
1065
9
linalool oxide B
0.1
1071
10
linalool oxide A
0.4
1086
11
alpha-pinene oxide
0.3
1094
12
linalool
4.1
1097
13
trans-pinocarveol
0.4
1137
14
trans-verbenol
1.0
1142
15
borneol
0.2
1165
16
terpinene-4-ol
0.5
1176
17
myrtenol
2.0
1194
18
verbenone
4.4
1204
19
geraniol
0.5
1253
20
bornyl acetate
1.1
1283
21
citronellyl acetate
3.8
1350
22
alpha-copaene
0.4
1375
23
beta-bourbonene
1.3
1384
24
longifolene
1.0
1401
25
aromadendrene
4.8
1438
26
germacrene D
9.2
1481
27
bicyclogermacrene
5.7
1495
28
alpha-muurolene
6.0
1497
29
germacrene A
2.4
1501
30
gamma-cadinene
1.0
1512
31
delta-cadinene
2.3
1523
32
alpha-cadinene
3.0
1538
33
spathulenol
14.1
1580
34
caryophyllene oxide
8.1
1581
35
gamma-eudesmol
3.9
1633
36
torreyol
2.0
1642
37
alpha-cadinol
4.9
1657
38
cadalene
0.4
1679
39
caryophyllene acetate
0.4
1705
40
khusimol
0.2
1740
41
gamma-eudesmol acetate
1.0
1782
42
n-octadecane
0.5
1804
43
pentadecanoic acid
0.3
1869
44
`n-nonadecane
0.2
1907
45
methyl octadecanoate
1.1
2139
The air-dried aerial parts of the plant were powdered and the volatile fraction was prepared by a modified Likens-Nickerson?s simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) method (31, 32). A microscale simultaneous distillation extraction apparatus (Ashke Shishe, Tehran, Iran) was used. Dried powdered plant was homogenized with distilled water and the homogenate subjected to SDE apparatus for 3 h using pentane (chromatography grade reagent, Merck) as solvent and then extract was concentrated with nitrogen.
GC/MS Analysis
The oil was analyzed by GC/MS using a Hewlett Packard 6890 mass selective detector coupled with a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph, equipped with a cross-linked 5% PH ME siloxane HP-5MS capillary column (30 m ? 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25
μm). Operating conditions were as follows: carrier gas, helium with a flow rate of 2 ml/min; column temperature, 60-275?C at 4?C/min; injector and detector temperatures, 280?C; volume injected, 0.1 μl of the oil; split ratio, 1:50.
The MS operating parameters were as follows: ionization potential, 70 ev; ionization current, 2 A; ion source temperature, 200?C; resolution, 1000.
Identification of components in the oil was based on retention indices relative to n-alkanes and computer matching with the WILEY 275.L library, as well as by comparison of the fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra with those reported in the literature (33-36).
Results and Discussion
Aerial parts of N. macrosiphon yielded 0.1% (w/w vs dried material) of a pale yellowish oil with a strong pleasant aroma. Forty-five components were characterized, representing 95.1% of the total oil compounds detected. These are listed in Table 1 with their percentage composition. The major constituents of the sesquiterpene-rich oil of N. macrosiphon were spathulenol (14.1%), germacrene D (9.2%), caryophyllene oxide (8.1%), alpha-muurolene (6.0%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.7%). Other components were present in amounts less than 5%. Many of the unidentified compounds were present in trace amounts.
Although the presence of nepetalactones in several Nepeta species in relatively high concentrations has been reported (15-27), no nepetalactones were found in this oil. The predominance of spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide has been found in essential oils of two Turkish Nepeta species (9, 12). These compounds and germacrene D are typical in most Nepeta species (4-27).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Research Council of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (Research project No. 80256). We are grateful to Dr. Javad Asili (Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan , Iran) for his assistance in preparing the plant essential oil.
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